Emashumini eminyaka, amandla ezomnotho nawepolitiki ayelinganiswa ngezikhundla, izimpahla, nokuxhumana kwezikhungo. Namuhla, kukalwa ngabalandeli, ukuzibandakanya, kanye nokufinyelela kwedijithali. Abagqugquzeli bedijithali babamba indima engaqondakali, lapho ngesikhathi esisodwa bengamabhrendi, izithixo, nezinkampani, kodwa ngokuvamile basebenza ngaphandle kwe-ID yentela, ngaphandle kokubala, futhi ngaphandle kwezibopho zentela ezifezwa wumphakathi wonke.
Ukuduma kwenkundla yezokuxhumana kudale imakethe efanayo lapho ukunakwa sekuphenduke imali kanye nedumela njengempahla okungaxoxwa ngayo. Inkinga iwukuthi endaweni efanayo lapho uhwebo lwedijithali luchuma khona, izindlela ezintsha zokushushumbiswa kwemali, ukubalekela intela, kanye nokucebisa ngokungemthetho nakho kuyachuma, konke okungaphezu kwamandla oMbuso.
Amarafu ezigidi zamadola, "iminikelo" evela kubalandeli, iminikelo yokupha, nokusakaza bukhoma okukhiqiza izinkulungwane zama-reais, kubagqugquzeli abaningi, imithombo emikhulu yemali engenayo. Kwezinye izimo, baye baba amamodeli ebhizinisi angempela, kodwa ngaphandle kokusekelwa ngokomthetho, ukuthobela, nokwengamela kwezezimali.
Umuzwa wokungajeziswa uqiniswa amandla omphakathi; abagqugquzeli bayathandwa, balandelwe, futhi bavame ukuvikelwa ukuthandwa kwabo. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi bahlala endaweni yedijithali, bangaphezu kwamandla omthetho. Lo mbono "wokuvikeleka kwedijithali" unemiphumela yezomnotho, yezomthetho, nezenhlalo.
Indawo eyimpumputhe emthethweni waseBrazil
Umthetho wase-Brazilian awukahambisani nomnotho wabathonya. Isikhala sokulawula sivumela abagqugquzeli ukuthi benze imali izethameli ezibiza izigidi ngaphandle kokubhaliswa kwentela noma izibopho zebhizinisi.
Nakuba izinkampani zendabuko kudingeka ukuthi zihambisane nokubalwa kwezimali, intela, nezibopho zokulawula, abagqugquzeli abaningi bahambisa izizumbulu zemali nge-PIX (uhlelo lokukhokha olusheshayo lwase-Brazil), ukudluliselwa kwamanye amazwe, izinkundla zakwamanye amazwe, kanye ne-cryptocurrencies, ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukubeka izinto obala.
Le mikhuba yephula, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, izimiso zoMthetho No. 9,613/1998, ophathelene nobugebengu bokushushumbisa imali nokufihlwa kwempahla, kanye noMthetho No. 13,756/2018, onikeza i-Caixa Econômica Federal ikhono elikhethekile lokugunyaza amarayisi.
Uma umgqugquzeli ephromotha i-raffle ngaphandle kwemvume evela ku-Caixa Econômica Federal (Brazilian Federal Savings Bank), wenza icala lobugebengu nelokuphatha, futhi angase aphenywe ngecala elibhekene nomnotho odumile, ngokuya nge-athikili 2 yoMthetho No. 1,521/1951.
Empeleni, lezi "zenzo zokukhangisa" zisebenza njengezindlela zokuhambisa izimali ngaphandle kwesistimu yezimali evamile, ngaphandle kokulawula okuvela eBhange Elikhulu, ukuxhumana noMkhandlu Wokulawula Imisebenzi Yezezimali (i-COAF), noma ukulandelela intela yi-Federal Revenue Service. Yisimo esihle sokuhlanganisa imali esemthethweni nengekho emthethweni, uphethiloli wokukhwabanisa imali.
Ukuzijabulisa njenge-facade
Ukusebenza kwale mikhankaso kulula futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Umgqugquzeli uhlela i-raffle "yokusiza", ngokuvamile esebenzisa izinkundla ezithuthukisiwe, amaspredishithi, noma amazwana enkundla yezokuxhumana. Umlandeli ngamunye udlulisela amanani amancane nge-PIX (uhlelo lokukhokha olusheshayo lwase-Brazil), ekholelwa ukuthi ubamba iqhaza kumsebenzi ongenabungozi.
Ngamahora ambalwa nje, umgqugquzeli uzuza amashumi noma amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-reais. Umklomelo—imoto, umakhalekhukhwini, uhambo, njll—unikezwa ngokomfanekiso, kuyilapho iningi lezimali lihlala lingenayo i-accounting, amarekhodi entela, noma umsuka okhonjiwe. Le modeli isetshenziswa, ngokuhlukahluka, ngezinjongo ezisukela ekuzicebiseni komuntu kuya ekukhwabaniseni imali.
I-Brazilian Federal Revenue Service isivele ikhombe izimo ezimbalwa lapho abagqugquzeli babonise ukukhula kwempahla okungahambisani nezimbuyiselo zabo zentela, futhi i-COAF (Umkhandlu Wokulawula Imisebenzi Yezezimali) isiqalile ukufaka lolu hlobo lomsebenzi njengomsebenzi osolisayo kwezokuxhumana zangaphakathi.
Izibonelo eziqinile: lapho udumo luba ubufakazi
Kule minyaka emithathu edlule, imisebenzi eminingana eyenziwe ngamaphoyisa Ombuso kanye neHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi iveze ukusetshenziswa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana ngokukhwabanisa imali, ama-raffles angekho emthethweni kanye nokucebisa ngokungemthetho.
– Operation Status (2021): nakuba igxile ekushushumbisweni kwezidakamizwa, iveze ukusetshenziswa kwamaphrofayela "abantu basesidlangalaleni" ukuze kufihlwe izimpahla nempahla, okubonisa ukuthi izithombe zedijithali zingasebenza kanjani njengesihlangu sokugeleza okungekho emthethweni;
- Icala likaSheyla Mell (2022): umgqugquzeli usolwa ngokuphromotha amarafu ezigidi zamarandi ngaphandle kokugunyazwa, enyusa ngaphezulu kwama-R $ 5 wezigidi. Ingxenye yale mali kuthiwa yasetshenziswa ukuthenga izindlu nezimoto zikanokusho;
- I-Operation Mirror (2023): abaphenyi abaphenyile abagqugquzela ama-raffle mbumbulu ngokubambisana nezinkampani zamagobolondo. "Imiklomelo" yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukuthengiselana kwezezimali komsuka ongekho emthethweni;
- Icala leCarlinhos Maia (2022-2023): Yize lingathweswanga icala ngokusemthethweni, umgqugquzeli washiwo ophenyweni lwamarafu anenani eliphezulu futhi waphenywa imibuzo yiCaixa Econômica Federal mayelana nokuba semthethweni kokukhushulwa.
Amanye amacala abandakanya abagqugquzeli bezinga eliphakathi abasebenzisa ama-raffle kanye "neminikelo" ukuhambisa imali kubantu besithathu ngendlela engalandeleki, okuhlanganisa osopolitiki nosomabhizinisi.
Le misebenzi ibonisa ukuthi ukuthonya kwedijithali sekuyindlela ephumelelayo yokufihla izimpahla kanye nokuqinisekisa imali eyinhloko engekho emthethweni. Okwakwenziwa ngaphambilini ngezinkampani zamagobolondo noma izindawo zentela manje sekwenziwa "ngama-raffles ezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi" kanye nokusakaza bukhoma okuxhasiwe.
Ukuvikela umphakathi: udumo, ipolitiki, nomuzwa wokungathinteki.
Abaningi abanethonya bathandwa izigidi, banobudlelwane nezikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nosopolitiki, babamba iqhaza emikhankasweni yokhetho, kanye nemibuthano yamandla evamisile. Lokhu kusondela kuhulumeni kanye nokumaketha komphakathi kudala i-aura yokuba semthethweni evimbela ukugada futhi okuphoxa iziphathimandla.
Ukukhonza izithombe kwedijithali kuguquka kube isivikelo esingakahleleki: lapho umgqugquzeli ethandwa kakhulu, umphakathi ongazimisele kangako, ngisho nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kufanele ziphenye imikhuba yazo.
Ezimweni eziningi, uhulumeni ngokwakhe ufuna ukwesekwa yilaba bagqugquzeli bemikhankaso yezikhungo, benganaki umlando wabo wentela noma imodeli yebhizinisi ebagcinayo. Umlayezo we-subliminal uyingozi: ukuduma kungena esikhundleni sokuba semthethweni.
Lesi simo siphinda iphethini yomlando eyaziwayo: ukukhazimuliswa kokungakahleleki, okwenza umqondo wokuthi impumelelo yemidiya ivumela noma yikuphi ukuziphatha. Mayelana nokubusa nokuhambisana, kuphambene nezimiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi; "indawo empunga" eguqulelwe ebhizinisini lokubonisa.
Ingozi yokuba nesibopho esabiwe phakathi kwemikhiqizo nabaxhasi.
Izinkampani eziqasha abagqugquzeli ukuthi ziphromothe imikhiqizo noma izimbangela zomphakathi nazo zisengozini. Uma uzakwethu ebandakanyeka kuma-raffle angekho emthethweni, imidwebo ewumgunyathi, noma imisebenzi esolisayo, kunengozi yokuba nesibopho sezomthetho esihlanganyelwe, sokuphatha, kanye nobugebengu.
Ukungabikho kokukhuthala okufanele kungahunyushwa njengokunganaki kwebhizinisi. Lokhu kusebenza kuma-ejensi okukhangisa, izixhumanisi, nezinkundla zedijithali.
Ngokusebenza njengabalamuli ezinkontilekeni, bathatha imisebenzi yobuqotho futhi kufanele babonise ukuthi basebenzise izindlela zokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwemali, ngokuvumelana nezinqubo ezihamba phambili zamazwe ngamazwe (FATF/GAFI).
Ukuthobela idijithali akuseyona inketho yobuhle; kuyisibopho sokusinda kwebhizinisi. Amabhrendi abalulekile kufanele abandakanye abathonya ekuhloleni kwabo isithunzi sengozi, ukuqapha imisebenzi esolisayo, ukufuna ukuthotshelwa kwentela, kanye nokuqinisekisa umsuka wemali engenayo.
Umngcele ongabonakali: i-cryptocurrencies, ukusakaza bukhoma, kanye nokuthengiselana kwamanye amazwe.
Esinye isici esikhathazayo ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwama-cryptocurrensets kanye nezinkundla zangaphandle zokuthola iminikelo noxhaso. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokusakaza-bukhoma, amasayithi okubheja, kanye namawebhusayithi "athipha" avumela abagqugquzeli ukuthi bathole izinkokhelo ngemali yedijithali ngaphandle kokulamula kwebhange.
Le misebenzi evame ukuhlukanisiwe yenza ukulandeleka kube nzima futhi kusize ukushushumbiswa kwemali. Isimo siba sibi kakhulu ngoba iBhange Elikhulu namanje alikulawuli ngokugcwele ukugeleza kwezinkokhelo ezinkundleni zedijithali, futhi i-COAF (Umkhandlu Wokulawula Imisebenzi Yezezimali) incike emibikweni yokuzithandela evela ezikhungweni zezimali.
Ukuntuleka kokulandelela okuphumelelayo kudala isimo esifanelekile sokufihlwa kwezimpahla zamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa ama-stablecoins nama-wallet ayimfihlo, amathuluzi avumela ukuthengiselana okungaziwa. Lesi simo sixhumanisa iBrazil nenkambiso yomhlaba wonke: ukusetshenziswa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana njengeziteshi zokukhwabanisa imali.
Izimo zakamuva emazweni afana ne-United States, i-United Kingdom, ne-Mexico zidalule abagqugquzeli ababandakanyeka ekugwemeni intela nasezinhlelweni zezimali ezingekho emthethweni ezifihlwe njengokuqukethwe kwedijithali.
Iqhaza loMbuso kanye nezinselelo zokulawula.
Ukulawula umnotho wethonya kuyaphuthuma futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Umbuso ubhekene nenkinga yokungavimbi inkululeko yokukhuluma ngesikhathi esifanayo uvimbela ukusetshenziswa kobugebengu kwezinkundla zokuxhumana ukufihla izinsiza.
Izinketho ezimbalwa sezixoxiwe, njengokudinga intela eyisibopho kanye nokubhaliswa kokubalwa kwezimali kwabathonya abeqa umthamo othile wemali engenayo; ukwenza ama-raffle edijithali nama-sweepstake kuncike ekugunyazweni kwangaphambili okuvela ku-Caixa Econômica Federal; ukudala imithetho esobala yobambiswano noxhaso, ngokushicilelwa kwemibiko yonyaka; kanye nokusungula isibopho sokubika ku-COAF (Umkhandlu Wokulawula Imisebenzi Yezezimali) ukuze uthole izinkundla zokukhokha ezidijithali nokusakaza bukhoma.
Lezi zinyathelo azihloselwe ukuvimbela ubuciko bedijithali, kodwa ukulinganisa inkundla ngokusemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abazuzayo ngokuthonya nabo banomthwalo wemfanelo wezomnotho kanye nezezimali.
Ithonya, izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nokuzibophezela komphakathi
Ithonya ledijithali lingelinye lamandla anamandla enkathi yamanje, njengoba lapho lisetshenziswa kahle, lilolonga umbono, lifundise, futhi lihlanganise. Kodwa uma isetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele, isebenza njengethuluzi lokukhohlisa kanye nobugebengu bezezimali.
Isibopho sihlangene, lapho abagqugquzeli kufanele baqonde ukuthi ukuba yidijithali akusho ukuba ngaphezu komthetho, imikhiqizo idinga ukubeka imibandela yobuqotho, futhi uMbuso kufanele wenze izindlela zawo zokwengamela zibe zesimanjemanje. Umphakathi nawo udinga ukuyeka ukudida i-charisma nokwethembeka.
Inselele akuyona nje esemthethweni, kodwa namasiko: ukuguqula ukuthandwa kube ukuzibophezela obala.
Ekugcineni, labo abanethonya kumele baphendule ngomthelela wezomnotho nokuziphatha abawukhiqizayo.
Phakathi kwe-glamour kanye ne-systemic risk
Umnotho wabagqugquzeli usuvele uhambisa izigidigidi, kodwa usebenza endaweni engazinzile, lapho "ukusebenzelana" kufeza izinjongo zokuthengisa nezingekho emthethweni. Ama-raffle, amalotho, neminikelo, lapho ingalawulwa, iba iminyango evulekile yobugebengu bezezimali kanye nokugwema intela.
IBrazil ibhekene nomngcele omusha wobungozi: ukushushumbiswa kwemali okucashwe njengokudumile. Nakuba uhlelo lwezomthetho luhluleka ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ubugebengu bedijithali buzisungula kabusha, futhi amaqhawe enkundla yezokuxhumana angaguqula ngokungazi udumo lube obala.
Mayelana noPatricia Punder
Uzakwethu kanye nomsunguli wenkampani yabameli i-Punder Advogados, esebenza ngaphansi kwemodeli yebhizinisi "yeBoutique", ihlanganisa ubuhle bezobuchwepheshe, umbono wamasu, nobuqotho obungantengantengi ekusebenzeni kwezomthetho . www.punder.adv.br
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