Esimeni samanje se-geopolitical landscape, i-cyberwarfare isibe ingxenye eyinhloko yezingxabano nezingxabano phakathi kwezizwe. Amazwe asebenzisa imisebenzi ye-inthanethi ecasulayo ukwenza ubunhloli, ukucekela phansi, kanye nomthelela wezepolitiki emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuhlasela okuhlanganiswe ohulumeni - ngokuvamile ngamaqembu athuthukile aziwa ngokuthi ama-APT (izinsongo eziqhubekayo ezithuthukile) - kuthuthuke ekuthuthukisweni nasekufinyeleleni. Lo mongo wezinsongo zohleloxhumano ngesiqoqelalwazi uthinta ngqo ukuphepha kwedijithali kwe-Brazil, ubeka imikhakha yamasu ezingozini ezinkulu kanye nezimpendulo ezifunayo ezihambisana nezinga lobuchwepheshe labamelene nabo.
Ukuvela kwe-cyberwarfare esimweni somhlaba jikelele
Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, i-cyberwarfare iye yasuka endaweni eyodwa yaya kubhubhane lomhlaba wonke. Ushintsho olubalulekile luphawule lolu shintsho: ukuhlasela kwe-NotPetya ka-2017, uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha olwalunamandla okubhubhisa angakaze abonwe ngaleso sikhathi, owangenisa inkathi entsha ye-cyber warfare.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izingxabano zendabuko ziye zathatha ingxenye eqinile yedijithali: isibonelo, umkhankaso waseRussia e-Ukraine wawuhlanganisa uchungechunge lwe-cyberattacks ngokumelene namagridi amandla, ukuxhumana, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuyilapho amaqembu e-hacktivist namaqembu obugebengu ehambisana nezithakazelo zombuso. Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwempi evamile neyedijithali sekucacile, futhi imingcele phakathi kokuhlaselwa kombuso kanye nobugebengu obuvamile be-inthanethi sebufiphele.
Abalingisi bombuso abakhulu ku-cyberwar yomhlaba wonke bahlanganisa amandla afana ne-China, i-Russia, i-United States, i-Iran, neNyakatho Korea, phakathi kwabanye. Ngayinye isebenzisa amasu athile: ubunhloli be-inthanethi ukuze kwebe izimfihlo zezimboni nezikahulumeni, ukucekela phansi nengqalasizinda yesitha esibucayi, kanye nokuthonya ukuhlasela (njengokungena okulandelwa ukuvuza kwedatha ehlukanisiwe ukuze kuphazamise inqubo yezepolitiki). Isici esikhathazayo ukubambisana okukhulayo (noma ukubekezelelana) phakathi kwezifundazwe namaqembu obugebengu.
Izibonelo zifaka phakathi amaqembu ezigebengu ze-ransomware azinze emazweni angawaxabanisi, asebenzisa ukuqola ngokwezimali ukuze adale umonakalo wamasu. Ngo-2021, ukuhlasela kwe-ransomware epayipini lamakoloni e-US (okubangelwa iqembu elikhuluma isiRashiya) kwadalula ukuntuleka kokulungela kwezinkampani zengqalasizinda lapho zibhekene nezinsongo ezinjalo. Lokhu kuhlaselwa kwengqalasizinda ebucayi kuletha idumela kubahlaseli futhi ngokuvamile ukubuyisela imali, okubenza bavame futhi babe yinkimbinkimbi.
Ithonya elikhulayo laseShayina
I-China iqhamuke njengelinye lamandla e-inthanethi anethonya futhi asebenzayo. Imibiko yakamuva ibonisa ukwanda okunamandla kwemisebenzi yobunhloli bedijithali yase-China emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2024, kwaba nokwenyuka okuphakathi kwe-150% kwezigebengu ezixhumene neChina, okuthinta izinhlangano cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yezomnotho. Ngo-2024 kuphela, kwahlonzwa amaqembu amasha ayisikhombisa e-Cybers espionage aseShayina, amaningi agxile emikhakheni ethile noma ezobuchwepheshe.
Imikhankaso ye-Cyber yenziwa abaduni baseShayina inokufinyelela emhlabeni jikelele futhi ayigodli iLatin America. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi, ngo-2023, iningi lokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi e-Latin America kwavela kubasebenzeli abaxhumene ne-China ne-Russia.
Lo mzamo ohlanganisiwe awubonisi nje kuphela izinhloso ze-geopolitical (ezifana nokuqapha izikhundla zobunxusa noma ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe), kodwa nezintshisekelo zezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, iBrazil njengamanje iyindawo enkulu yokutshalwa kwezimali kwamaShayina eLatin America, ikakhulukazi kwezamandla, ezokuxhumana, nezimayini. Ngokuqondana (noma cha), ubunhloli be-inthanethi obusuka e-China ngokumelene nemigomo yase-Brazilian bukhule ngendlela efanayo nalokho okuye kwabonwa kwezinye izifunda ezinezinga eliphezulu lokutshalwa kwezimali kwamaShayina, njengamazwe abamba iqhaza ku-Belt and Road Initiative - iqembu elihlanganisa amazwe asuka e-Asia, eYurophu, e-Afrika, naseLatin America.
Umthelela wezinsongo zomhlaba wonke eBrazil: imikhakha yamasu ehlaselwayo.
Imikhakha eminingana yamasu e-Brazil isivele ibhekene nemizamo yokungenela abadlali abanonya bangaphandle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaqembu asekelwa amazwe noma izinhlangano zobugebengu eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-vector ayinhloko ahlanganisa imikhankaso yobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi eqondiwe, uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha oluthuthukisiwe olufakwe kumanethiwekhi abalulekile, nokuxhashazwa kobungozi kumasistimu asetshenziswa kakhulu.
Izikhungo eziningi zengqalasizinda ezibalulekile e-Brazil - ezifana nogesi, uwoyela negesi, ezokuxhumana, amanzi, kanye namanethiwekhi ezokuthutha - seziphenduke okuhlosiwe kaningi ku-cyberwar, uma kubhekwa amandla azo okubangela umonakalo omkhulu uma wonakaliswa. NgoFebhuwari 2021, izinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu emkhakheni kagesi wase-Brazil zahlaselwa yi-ransomware okuphoqe ukuthi zimise okwesikhashana ingxenye yokusebenza kwazo.
Umkhakha wezezimali nawo nawo awukhululiwe. Amaqembu aseNyakatho Korea abonise isithakazelo esikhulu ekuhlosweni kwe-cryptocurrency yaseBrazil, izikhungo zezimali, ngisho nomkhakha wezokuvikela. Lezi zigebengu zifuna ukuntshontsha izimpahla zedijithali ukuze zinikele ngezimali izinhlelo zikahulumeni waseNyakatho Korea, zeqa unswinyo - lolu uhlobo lwe-cyberwar ekhuthazwa umnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigebengu ze-inthanethi zamazwe ngamazwe (ezivame ukuxhunyaniswa namanethiwekhi aseMpumalanga Yurophu) zibona amabhange ase-Brazil kanye nezigidi zamakhasimende awo njengezinto ezihlosiwe ezinenzuzo enkulu. Imikhankaso ye-malware yasebhange, amanethiwekhi obugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, kanye nokwebiwa kwedatha yamakhadi kuthinta i-Brazil ngezinga lemboni. Akumangalisi ukuthi umbiko wakamuva uveze ukuthi iBrazil iyizwe lesibili elihlaselwe kakhulu emhlabeni ebugebengu be-inthanethi, ehlushwa ukuhlaselwa okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-700 ezinyangeni ezingu-12 (isilinganiso sokuhlasela okungu-1,379 ngomzuzu) - okuningi kwakho okubhekiswe ekukhwabaniseni kwezezimali.
Uhulumeni nezikhungo zikahulumeni
Izikhungo zikahulumeni wase-Brazil - okuhlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, Amabutho Ahlomile, Izobulungiswa, nohulumeni bezifundazwe - seziphenduke okuhloswe ngazo kuqala ku-cyberwar, ziheha ubunhloli nokuhlasela kokucekela phansi okuvela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Amaqembu ahlobene ne-China, i-Russia, ne-North Korea aqondise ukusebenza ngokumelene ne-Brazil eminyakeni yamuva.
Ugqozi lusukela ekubeni nentshisekelo ezimfihlweni zezamanxusa nezohwebo kuya ekutholeni inzuzo yamasu ezingxoxweni zamazwe ngamazwe. Umbiko we-Google wango-2023 uveze ukuthi, kusukela ngo-2020, amaqembu angaphezu kweshumi nambili ezinhloli ze-cyber zangaphandle aqondise abasebenzisi e-Brazil - u-85% wemisebenzi yobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi okwenziwa ohulumeni baqhamuka emaqenjini aseShayina, eNyakatho Korea naseRussia.
Lo msebenzi oshubile ukhombisa isikhundla se-Brazil njengomholi wesifunda nomdlali onethonya emhlabeni wonke, okuyenza ibe ithagethi ekhangayo kwabamelene nayo abafuna ulwazi oluyilungelo.
I-Brazil ibunciphise kanjani ubungozi be-cyberwarfare?
Njengoba ibhekene nokwanda kwezinsongo zomhlaba wonke, i-Brazil ibilokhu yamukela - futhi kufanele iqhubeke nokwenza ngcono - izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokunciphisa ubungozi nokuqinisa ukuphepha kwayo ku-inthanethi . Izifundo ezitholwe ezehlakalweni nasezincomweni zochwepheshe zihlangana kwamanye amaphuzu abalulekile, njengokuqinisa izinhlaka zikahulumeni zokuvikela i-inthanethi - ngo-2021, iBrazil yagunyaza Isu Likazwelonke Lokuphepha Kwe-Cybersecurity (E-Ciber), eligcizelela isidingo sokuqinisa amakhono okuvikela kazwelonke, ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bukazwelonke.
Kodwa kuningi okusamele kwenziwe. Izwe lidinga ukusebenzisa izingqimba ezengeziwe zezokuvikela emkhakheni wezamandla, ezokuxhumana, wezezimali, wezokuthutha, wezokuthuthwa kwendle, kanye neminye imikhakha yezinsizakalo ezibalulekile. Lokhu kubandakanya ukwamukela izindinganiso zokuphepha zamazwe ngamazwe (isb., amazinga e-ISO 27001, uhlaka lwe-NIST) kanye nokudinga opharetha bengqalasizinda ukuthi bahlangabezane nezidingo ezincane zokuphepha ku-inthanethi. Kuyadingeka futhi ukunciphisa indawo yokuhlasela yalezi zinhlangano, kwandiswe ukuqina kwazo, futhi kusungulwe imigomo eqinile yokuvimbela izigameko, ukuqapha, kanye nokusabela.
Ikakhulukazi, ukuphepha komgogodla we-inthanethi wase-Brazil kufanele kuthuthukiswe – ukuvikela izikhungo zedatha, amaseva amakhulu, izindawo zokushintshisana ngethrafikhi, nezinye izimpahla ezisekela imikhakha ehlukahlukene ebalulekile.
Ezimbonini ezizimele, kukhona ukuvuthwa okukhulu, kuye ngesigaba. Umkhakha wezezimali, ngokwesibonelo, unohlelo oluthuthuke kakhulu lwe-cybersecurity ecosystem e-Brazil, eqhutshwa imithetho eqinile evela eBhange Elikhulu, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bokulwa nokukhwabanisa, kanye nesidingo sokuvikela ukuthengiselana kwenani eliphezulu ngokumelene nezinsongo ezikhulayo.
Sengiphetha, i-cyberwar yomhlaba wonke yethula i-Brazil izinselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ezilawulekayo ngokuhlela okwanele kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Izwe selivele liyikhombisile inqubekelaphambili - lithathwa njengokuma okuvuthwe kakhulu kwezokuphepha ku-inthanethi eLatin America - kodwa ijubane losongo lidinga ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.
Etiyetha engabonakali ye-cyberspace, lapho ukuhlaselwa kwenzeka kuma-microseconds, ukulungiselela kusengaphambili kubalulekile. Ukuqinisa ukuqina kwe-inthanethi kwe-Brazil ngeke nje kunciphise ubungozi be-cyberwar, kodwa kuzophinde kuqinisekise ukuthi i-Brazil ingawabamba ngokuphephile amathuba okuguqulwa kwedijithali emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kokuba nobukhosi bayo noma izimpahla zasu ezibanjwe izitha ezifihliwe. Ngamafuphi, i-cybersecurity ingukuphepha kwezwe, futhi kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili ngezikhathi zokuthula nezingxabano, namuhla futhi njalo.
