Muri iki gihe imiterere ya geopolitike, intambara ya cyber yabaye igice nyamukuru cyamakimbirane namakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu. Ibihugu bikoresha ibikorwa bya interineti byibasiye ubutasi, guhungabanya umutekano, no kugira uruhare muri politiki ku isi yose.
Ibitero byahujwe na guverinoma - akenshi binyuze mumatsinda yateye imbere azwi nka APTs (iterabwoba rikomeje) - byahindutse mubuhanga kandi bigera. Iyi miterere y’iterabwoba rya interineti ku isi igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mutekano wa digitale ya Berezile, ikagaragaza inzego z’ingamba ku ngaruka zikomeye kandi igasaba ibisubizo bijyanye n’urwego rwa tekiniki rw’abanzi.
Ubwihindurize bwa cyberwarfare mubihe byisi
Mu myaka mirongo ibiri iheze, intambara yo kuri interineti yavuye mu bwigunge ihinduka icyorezo ku isi. Ihinduka rikomeye ryaranze iyi mpinduka: igitero cya NotPetya 2017, porogaramu mbi ifite imbaraga zo gusenya zitigeze zibaho muri kiriya gihe, zatangije ibihe bishya by’intambara za cyber.
Kuva icyo gihe, amakimbirane gakondo yafashe ibintu byinshi bigizwe na sisitemu: urugero, ubukangurambaga bw’Uburusiya muri Ukraine bwarimo ibitero byibasiye interineti byibasiye amashanyarazi, itumanaho, ndetse n’inzego za Leta, mu gihe imitwe yitwara gisirikare n’abagizi ba nabi yunze ubumwe n’inyungu za Leta. Kwishyira hamwe hagati yintambara zisanzwe na digitale byaragaragaye, kandi imipaka iri hagati yibitero bya leta nibyaha byibasiye interineti byahindutse urujijo.
Abagize uruhare runini mu bikorwa bya interineti ku isi harimo imbaraga nk'Ubushinwa, Uburusiya, Amerika, Irani, na Koreya y'Amajyaruguru, n'ibindi. Buri wese akoresha ingamba zihariye: ubutasi bwa cyber kwiba amabanga yinganda na leta, gusenya ibikorwa remezo bikomeye by umwanzi, no gutera ibitero (nko kwinjira hanyuma hakurikiraho amakuru yihishe kugirango yivange mubikorwa bya politiki). Ikiranga impungenge ni ubufatanye bugenda bwiyongera (cyangwa kwihanganira) hagati ya leta n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare.
Ingero zirimo udutsiko twa ransomware dushingiye mubihugu bitabarwanya, hakoreshejwe amafaranga yo kwambura amafaranga kugirango byangize ingamba. Mu 2021, igitero cy'incungu cyagabwe ku miyoboro y'Abakoloni muri Amerika (bitirirwa itsinda rivuga Ikirusiya) cyagaragaje ko nta myiteguro y'amasosiyete y'ibikorwa remezo ahanganye n'iterabwoba nk'iryo. Ibi bitero byibikorwa remezo bikomeye bizana ibyamamare kubatera kandi akenshi bigaruka kumafaranga, bigatuma barushaho kuba benshi kandi bakomeye.
Ubushinwa bugenda bwiyongera
Ubushinwa bwagaragaye nkimwe mubihugu bikomeye kandi bikora cyane. Raporo iheruka yerekana kwaguka gukabije ibikorwa byubutasi bwubushinwa ku isi. Mu 2024, habayeho kwiyongera ku kigereranyo cya 150% mu kwinjira byakozwe na ba hackers bafitanye isano n'Ubushinwa, bigira ingaruka ku mashyirahamwe hafi ya yose mu bukungu. Mu 2024 honyine, hamenyekanye amatsinda arindwi y’ubutasi ya cyber yo mu Bushinwa, benshi bazobereye mu nzego cyangwa ikoranabuhanga.
Ubukangurambaga bwa cyber bwakozwe naba hackers b'Abashinwa bugera ku isi yose kandi ntiburinda Amerika y'Epfo. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko, mu 2023, ibitero byinshi bya interineti muri Amerika y'Epfo byaturutse ku bakozi bafitanye isano n'Ubushinwa n'Uburusiya.
Iyi mbaraga ihuriweho ntigaragaza gusa intego za geopolitike (nko gukurikirana imyanya ya diplomasi cyangwa ishoramari ry’amahanga), ahubwo inagaragaza inyungu zubukungu. Urugero, Burezili, niho hantu hanini cyane gushora imari mu Bushinwa muri Amerika y'Epfo, cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'ingufu, itumanaho, n'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ku bw'amahirwe (cyangwa atari yo), ubutasi bwa cyber buturuka mu Bushinwa kurwanya intego za Berezile bwiyongereye kimwe n'ibyagaragaye mu tundi turere dufite ishoramari ryinshi ry’Abashinwa, nk'ibihugu byitabira gahunda ya Belt and Road Initiative - itsinda rihuza ibihugu byo muri Aziya, Uburayi, Afurika, na Amerika y'Epfo.
Ingaruka z’iterabwoba ku isi muri Berezile: inzego zifatika zibasiwe.
Inzego nyinshi zifatika muri Berezile zimaze guhura n’ibitero by’abakinnyi b’abanyamahanga babi, baba imitwe ishyigikiwe n’ibihugu cyangwa imitwe yitwara gisirikare ikomeye. Inzira nyamukuru zirimo ubukangurambaga bugamije kuroba, porogaramu zangiza zinjijwe mu miyoboro ikomeye, no gukoresha intege nke muri sisitemu zikoreshwa cyane.
Ibikorwa remezo byinshi bikomeye muri Berezile - nk'amashanyarazi, peteroli na gaze, itumanaho, amazi, hamwe n’ubwikorezi - byahindutse ibitero byinshi mu ntambara yo kuri interineti, bitewe n’ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwangiza byinshi iyo byangiritse. Muri Gashyantare 2021, amasosiyete abiri akomeye mu rwego rw'amashanyarazi muri Berezile yagabweho ibitero by'incungu bituma bahagarika by'agateganyo igice cy'ibikorwa byabo.
Urwego rw'imari narwo ntirusonewe. Amatsinda yo muri Koreya ya Ruguru yerekanye ko ashishikajwe cyane n’intego z’amafaranga yo muri Berezile, ibigo by’imari, ndetse n’urwego rw’ingabo. Aba bagizi ba nabi bashaka kwiba umutungo wa digitale kugira ngo batere inkunga gahunda za guverinoma ya Koreya ya Ruguru, bakuraho ibihano - ubu ni uburyo bwo gukoresha interineti hakoreshejwe ubukungu. Byongeye kandi, abanyabyaha mpuzamahanga ba interineti (bakunze guhuza imiyoboro y’iburayi bw’iburasirazuba) babona amabanki yo muri Berezile hamwe n’abakiriya babo babarirwa muri za miriyoni. Amabanki yamamaza porogaramu, imiyoboro yuburobyi, hamwe nubujura bwamakarita yibasiye Burezili kurwego rwinganda. Ntibitangaje kubona raporo iherutse kwerekana ko Burezili ari cyo gihugu cya kabiri cyibasiwe cyane ku isi mu byaha byibasiye imbuga za interineti, cyibasiwe n'ibitero birenga miliyoni 700 mu mezi 12 (impuzandengo y'ibitero 1379 ku munota) - ibyinshi muri byo bikaba byibasiye uburiganya bw’amafaranga.
Inzego za Leta n'inzego za Leta
Inzego za leta za Berezile - zirimo inzego z’ubumwe bwa Leta, Ingabo, Ubucamanza, na guverinoma z’ibihugu - zabaye intego z’ibanze mu ntambara yo kuri interineti, ikurura ibitero by’ubutasi n’ibitero by’ibihugu bitandukanye. Amatsinda ajyanye n'Ubushinwa, Uburusiya, na Koreya ya Ruguru yayoboye ibikorwa byo kurwanya Brezil mu myaka yashize.
Impamvu zishingiye ku gushishikazwa n’ibanga rya diplomasi n’ubucuruzi kugeza ku nyungu zifatika mu mishyikirano mpuzamahanga. Raporo ya Google 2023 yerekanye ko, guhera mu 2020, amatsinda arenga icumi y’ubutasi bwa interineti yo mu mahanga yibasiye abakoresha muri Berezile - 85% by’ibikorwa by’uburobyi biterwa na guverinoma byaturutse mu matsinda yo mu Bushinwa, Koreya ya Ruguru, n’Uburusiya.
Iki gikorwa gikomeye kigaragaza umwanya wa Berezile nkumuyobozi wakarere ndetse numukinnyi ukomeye kurwego rwisi, bigatuma iba intego ishimishije kubanzi bashaka amakuru yihariye.
Nigute Burezili yagabanije ingaruka ziterwa na cyberwarfare?
Mu guhangana n’iyongera ry’iterabwoba rya interineti ku isi, Burezili yafashe ingamba - kandi igomba gukomeza kunoza - ingamba nyinshi zo kugabanya ingaruka no gushimangira umutekano wa interineti . Amasomo twakuye ku byabaye ndetse n’ibyifuzo by’impuguke bihurira ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe z’ingenzi, nko gushimangira inzego za Leta zirinda interineti - mu 2021, Burezili yemeje ingamba z’igihugu zishinzwe umutekano wa interineti (E-Ciber), ishimangira ko ari ngombwa gushimangira ubushobozi bwo kurengera igihugu, guteza imbere ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, no gushishikariza iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’igihugu.
Ariko haracyari byinshi byo gukorwa. Igihugu gikeneye gushyira mu bikorwa izindi nzego z’ingabo mu bijyanye n’ingufu, itumanaho, imari, ubwikorezi, isuku, n’izindi nzego za serivisi zingenzi. Ibi bikubiyemo kwemeza amahame mpuzamahanga yumutekano (urugero, ISO 27001 ibipimo, urwego rwa NIST) no gusaba abakora ibikorwa remezo kuzuza ibisabwa byibuze umutekano mucye. Birakenewe kandi kugabanya ibitero by’imiryango, kongera imbaraga, no gushyiraho protocole ikomeye yo gukumira, gukurikirana, no gukemura.
By'umwihariko, umutekano w’umugongo wa interineti wa Berezile ugomba kunozwa - kurinda ibigo byamakuru, seriveri nini, guhanahana amakuru, n’indi mitungo ishyigikira inzego zitandukanye.
Mu bikorera, hari gukura gukomeye, bitewe nigice. Urugero, urwego rw’imari, rufite kimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere cyane mu kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima muri Burezili, rushingiye ku mabwiriza akomeye yatanzwe na Banki Nkuru, ishoramari rikomeje mu ikoranabuhanga rirwanya uburiganya, ndetse no gukenera kurinda ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kugira ngo birinde iterabwoba rikomeye.
Mu gusoza, cyberwar kwisi yose irerekana Berezile hamwe ningorabahizi, ariko zishobora gucungwa hamwe nigenamigambi rihagije nishoramari. Igihugu kimaze kwerekana iterambere - gifatwa nkaho gifite umutekano muke kuri interineti muri Amerika y'Epfo - ariko umuvuduko w'iterabwoba urasaba ko hajyaho iterambere.
Muri theatre itagaragara yumwanya wa cyber, aho ibitero bibera muri microsecond, kwitegura hakiri kare. Gushimangira ubukana bwa interineti muri Berezile ntibizagabanya gusa ingaruka ziterwa n’urubuga rwa interineti, ahubwo bizanemeza ko Burezili ishobora gukoresha neza amahirwe yo guhindura imibare ku isi, idafite ubwigenge cyangwa umutungo w’ibikorwa byafashwe bugwate n’abanzi bihishe. Muri make, umutekano wa interineti ni umutekano wigihugu, kandi ugomba kuba uwambere mugihe cyamahoro namakimbirane, uyumunsi kandi burigihe.
