Ryashyizweho mu 2004 kandi rivugururwa mu 2016, Itegeko ryo guhanga udushya (Itegeko 13.243) rifite inshingano nyamukuru yo gushyiraho ibidukikije bitekanye by’ubufatanye hagati y’amasosiyete, ibigo by’ubushakashatsi, ndetse n’inzego za Leta. Kurenza amategeko gusa, amategeko yerekana ingamba zo kwemeza ko Burezili ishobora guhindura ubumenyi mu iterambere ry’ubukungu ndetse na politiki rusange y’abaturage.
Nk'uko byatangajwe na Leonardo Ribeiro, mu bajyanama mu by'amategeko kugira ngo hashingiwe ku iterambere ry'ubushakashatsi bwa Agribusiness Coupensaness (SPDPEG), mu buryo bw'inzego za PhD na EST, ESC, hamwe n'inzego za Leta muri PUC-SP, hamwe n'inzego za Leta, hamwe n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi, n'inzego za gatatu, n'inzego za gatatu, bityo ko buriwese ashobora gushaka udushya ibisubizo.
Nk’uko umunyamategeko abivuga, kimwe mu bikubiye mu mategeko ni ukurenga ku gitekerezo gikunze kugaragara ko amasezerano n'inzego za Leta ahora ataringaniza kandi ari biro. Ati: "Hariho ubwoba runaka mu bigo byigenga byo gufatanya n'inzego za Leta. Ubwenge bwiganje, bwibeshye, ni uko ubwo bufatanye burimo ingingo zitukana. Itegeko ryo guhanga udushya ntiritangirira kuri iyi ngingo; ku rundi ruhande, rishyiraho amategeko yemewe atuma habaho umubano ushyira mu gaciro kandi utambitse."
Rafael Carvalho de Fassio, umushinjacyaha wa Leta muri Leta ya São Paulo, umuhuzabikorwa w’ikigo cy’umutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge no guhanga udushya mu kigo cya PGE / SP (Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bwa Leta ya São Paulo), afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko y’ubukungu na dogiteri (Ph.D.) mu mategeko y’ubutegetsi, ashimangira ko guhanga udushya atari uguhiganwa gusa. Ati: "Guhanga udushya ntabwo ari ikintu dukora kuko gikonje. Guhanga udushya ni ingamba zo kubaho. Ku isosiyete, ni yo ituma iguma ku isoko; kuri Leta, ni igikoresho cyo gukura no kwiteza imbere."
Fassio yerekana ko amategeko yaturutse ku myumvire ko amategeko gakondo y’ubuyobozi adatanga uburyo buhagije bw’ubufatanye bushingiye ku guhanga udushya. Agira ati: "Nta kintu na kimwe mu mategeko cyashobokaga gukora mbere. Ibyo cyakoze byari koroshya, koroshya, no gutanga ibyemezo byemewe n'amategeko, hasubizwa imikorere idahwitse y'imiyoboro ya Leta". Kuri we, ingingo nyamukuru y'amategeko ni ubufatanye. Ati: "Ntawe ukura wenyine. Abikorera bakeneye igishoro cy'ubwenge cy'ibigo bya Leta, kandi Leta ikeneye ishoramari n'ubwitonzi bw'amasosiyete. Itegeko rishya rigerageza koroshya iyi mibonano."
Mubikorwa, kubisosiyete ishishikajwe no guhanga udushya, intambwe yambere nukumenya ikibazo bashaka gukemura, cyaba ibicuruzwa, serivisi, cyangwa inzira. Kuva aho, amategeko yemerera ubufatanye ninzego zubushakashatsi za leta cyangwa izigenga. Leonardo Ribeiro agira ati: "Icy'ingenzi ni uko aba bakinnyi bose bahari, kandi amategeko ateganya uburyo ubufatanye bwabaho neza".
Ubu bufatanye bushobora gutanga ibisubizo, usibye kuzuza ibisabwa ku isoko, guhinduka umutungo bwite w’ubwenge, kugira uruhare mu kwinjiza amafaranga, gushimangira urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, no kugirira akamaro sosiyete.
Igenzura n'umutekano mu by'amategeko
Nubwo izana ibintu byoroshye, itegeko ryo guhanga udushya riteganya kandi uburyo bwo kugenzura no kugenzura. Ribeiro abisobanura agira ati: "Irasaba inyandiko zemewe n'amategeko kugira ngo habeho ubufatanye. Hariho amategeko, kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu gihe cy’ubufatanye, kandi, ku bijyanye no gukoresha amafaranga ya Leta, kubazwa."
Umushinjacyaha avuga ko kugenzura ari ikibazo cyoroshye, cyane cyane mu buyobozi bwa Leta. "Abayobozi ba Leta, kubera gutinya kubazwa ibyo bakora, akenshi birinda uburyo bushya kandi bakabyara imikorere isanzwe izwi. Itegeko rifasha kugabanya ubwo bwoba butanga umutekano mu by'amategeko ku bikorwa bitinyutse."
Abahanga bavuga ko imbogamizi ari umuco. Fassio yagize ati: "Kwicisha bugufi mu bwenge birakenewe. Ibigo bigomba kumenya agaciro k'ubumenyi bufitwe n'inzego za Leta, kandi guverinoma ikeneye kumva akamaro k'ishoramari ryigenga mu bushakashatsi. Itegeko ryo guhanga udushya rikora neza kugira ngo ubwo buryo bwo kungurana ibitekerezo mu buryo buboneye, bunoze kandi butekanye."
Ubwenge bwa gihanga no guhanga udushya: guhuza byanze bikunze.
Kwamamara kwubwenge bwa artile (AI), cyane cyane hamwe nibikoresho nka ChatGPT, byazanye impaka zijyanye no guhanga udushya hafi yabateze amatwi batigeze bibona ko bashyizwe muriki gice. Ku bahanga, uyu mutwe urashobora gufata icyemezo mu kwagura imyumvire y'amategeko agenga udushya.
Fassio abisobanura agira ati: "Ubwenge bwa gihanga bwatwegereye cyane. Igihe ChatGPT yashyizwe ahagaragara, abantu bose batangiye kuganira ku ngaruka z’ikoranabuhanga ryagize ku buzima, ku kazi, ku mategeko, no mu itangazamakuru. Iyi mpaka zavuye mu ishuri maze ziba mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Ibi bifasha abadafite uruhare mu guhanga udushya kumva neza ko ayo majyambere agira ingaruka ku mibereho yacu."
Nk’uko umushinjacyaha abibona, amaze kubona ko ikoranabuhanga nka AI rimaze guhindura uburyo abantu bakora no gufata ibyemezo, amasosiyete n'ibigo bitangiye gushakisha ku nyungu nyinshi ibikoresho byemewe n'amategeko bitanga imishinga mishya, kandi niho amategeko agenga udushya agira uruhare runini.
Leonardo Ribeiro, nawe ukora ubushakashatsi kuriyi ngingo kurwego rwamasomo, asangiye icyerekezo kimwe. Agira ati: "Ubwenge bwa gihanga ni udushya mu buryo bwuzuye. Byaje guhindura imibanire yacu n'isi, akazi kacu, ndetse n'ibyo dukora byose". Nubwo, nk'uko umunyamategeko abivuga, turacyakemura icyo bita "ubwenge bw’ubukorikori budakomeye" - ni ukuvuga sisitemu yihariye mu mirimo yihariye, idafite ubwigenge cyangwa ubwenge - ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibintu bumaze kugaragara. Ati: "Iyo duteye imbere mu bwenge bukomeye, ibyo bizaba impinduramatwara. Uyu munsi, imirimo yatwara umuntu iminsi yo gukora ikemurwa mu masegonda. Ariko birakenewe kumenya gukoresha iki gikoresho neza, kuko gihindura byose."
Abahanga bavuga ko ubwenge bw’ubukorikori atari umufasha w’udushya gusa, ahubwo buzarushaho kuba ishingiro mu bushakashatsi, iterambere, no gushyiraho politiki rusange. Ribeiro agira ati: "Bizaba umufatanyabikorwa w'ingenzi ku muntu wese wifuza guhanga udushya, haba mu nzego za Leta ndetse n'abikorera."
Umutungo wubwenge, umutekano wemewe nuburinganire hagati yabafatanyabikorwa
Kimwe mu bibazo byunvikana cyane mugihe cyo guhanga udushya ni imicungire yumutungo wubwenge. Ku bwa Rafael Fassio, ni muri urwo rwego amategeko agenga udushya ateza imbere iterambere rigaragara, atanga amategeko asobanutse yo kurengera ibiremwa no guharanira uburenganzira bw’ababigizemo uruhare.
Umushinjacyaha abisobanura agira ati: "Iyo tuvuze ku mutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge, tuba tuvuze kurinda ikiremwa gikunze guturuka ku bufatanye hagati y'amashyaka abiri cyangwa menshi, yaba aya Leta, ayigenga, cyangwa yombi. Itegeko ryo guhanga udushya ryemerera gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho, bishingiye ku byo buri ruhande rwatanze, haba imari shingiro, ubumenyi bwa tekiniki, cyangwa ibikorwa remezo".
Byongeye kandi, ashimangira ko imishyikirano igomba kuba ikubiyemo ingingo z’ibanga kuva mu ntangiriro. "Ni ngombwa ko impande zombi zisinya amasezerano y'ibanga mu ntangiriro z'imishyikirano. Ibi birengera inyungu rusange ndetse n'abikorera ku giti cyabo kandi bituma habaho ibiganiro byeruye, bikarinda amabanga yose y'inganda cyangwa ingamba zishobora kugira uruhare muri iki gikorwa."
Leonardo Ribeiro ashimangira ko ubu buryo bwo kurinda butemewe gusa ahubwo bukenewe, harimo no mu nzego za Leta. Ati: "Hariho urwikekwe rwa kera ko Leta idashobora gukorana n'amakuru yihariye kuko ibyo ikora byose bigomba kuba ku mugaragaro. Ariko ibyo ni imyumvire itari yo. Iyo inzego za Leta zishora mu guhanga udushya, birasanzwe ko bigomba kurinda amakuru afatika kugeza umushinga uzaba ukuze."
Iyindi paradizo amategeko afasha kurenga ni igitekerezo cy'uko Leta igomba guhora ifite ubwiganze cyangwa uburenganzira bwose ku bisubizo by'ubufatanye. Ubwenge ubu ni bumwe mu mishyikirano itambitse, aho usanga Leta itagaragara mu buryo bwikora ku bafatanyabikorwa bigenga, kandi buri wese yakira akurikije imbaraga zabo.
Abahanga bavuga ko amategeko yemerera ndetse umutungo wose w’ubwenge kuguma hamwe n’umufatanyabikorwa wigenga, igihe ibyo byumvikana. Fassio abisobanura agira ati: "Amategeko yemera ko buri mushinga ufite umwihariko wacyo. Yemerera amacakubiri guhindura ukuri ku bufatanye, nta tegeko rusange ryashyizweho."
Gukorera mu mucyo kandi ninkingi yingenzi kugirango intsinzi yubufatanye. Umushinjacyaha ashimangira agira ati: "Nyuma yo kurema birangiye bikazanwa ku isoko, ni ngombwa gukomeza guhanahana amakuru buri gihe hagati y’abafatanyabikorwa. N'ubundi kandi, umutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge uhindurwa mu bukode , kandi buri wese akeneye kumenya ibikorerwa ku bicuruzwa cyangwa ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere. Bitabaye ibyo, umubano urashobora kwangirika ndetse bikavamo n'amakimbirane akomeye mu by'amategeko."
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Ribeiro yongeraho ko itegeko ryo guhanga udushya ryemeza ko abashakashatsi ba Leta bashobora no kwishyurwa n'imbuto z'umurimo wabo. Irerekana neza ko bishoboka guhembwa, ubwami , no gukoresha ubucuruzi, haba mubigo bya leta ndetse n’abikorera.
Ihinduka ry'umuco iryo tegeko rishishikariza, guha agaciro kwizerana, kwemeza amategeko, no kwemeza imbaraga zingana, ni impuguke, ni intambwe ifatika iganisha ku bidukikije birumbuka mu guhanga udushya muri Berezile.
Kutagira ubumenyi na bureaucracy biracyabangamira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amategeko agenga udushya.
Kurenga inzitizi zemewe n’inzego, inzitizi ebyiri nyamukuru ziracyahungabanya imikorere y’amategeko agenga udushya muri Berezile: kutamenya neza mu bakinnyi babigizemo uruhare ndetse na bureucracy ikabije yinjira mu nzego za Leta.
Fassio agira ati: “Hariho ubumenyi buke haba ku baturage ndetse na za kaminuza ndetse n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi. Akenshi, iyo dutanze amategeko mu nsiguro, abantu baratangara; 'wow, ibi byose dushobora kubikora?'”. Ku bwe, uku gutangara kugaragaza icyuho kinini mu itumanaho ry’amategeko ndetse no mu bikorwa bifatika n'abakozi ba Leta.
Bureaucracy, nayo, yishyiraho nk'inzitizi igaruka. Icyiswe "ubumuga bw'ikaramu," ubumuga bwo gufata ibyemezo buterwa n'abayobozi ba leta batinya guhanga udushya badashyigikiwe n'amategeko, bivuze ko ubuyobozi bwinshi bukomeje gukorana nibikoresho bimwe bishaje, kabone niyo byagaragaye ko bishaje. Fassio abisobanura agira ati: "Umuyobozi ahitamo gukoresha ibyo azi, ibyo amaze imyaka 20 akora, aho kugira ngo abiryozwe ikintu gishya."
Kugerageza no gutsinda iki kibazo, ingamba nk'igitabo gikubiyemo amategeko agenga ubumenyi, ikoranabuhanga no guhanga udushya, cyateguwe n'ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bwa Leta ya São Paulo, cyatanze ibisubizo bifatika. Mu ntumbero yo koroshya inzira, umushinga uhuza inyandiko ntangarugero hamwe nintambwe ku ntambwe yo gukurikiza neza amategeko yemewe ateganijwe mu rwego rw’amategeko, ikora nk '"inyigisho zemewe" ku bayobozi ba Leta.
Umushinjacyaha agira ati: "Twatangiriye ku nyandiko 10 mu 2021, uyu munsi tumaze kugira 12 kandi tugiye kwaguka kugera kuri 15. Ni umushinga wabaye igipimo cy'igihugu kandi ukoreshwa n'ibindi bihugu n'inzego". Iyi gahunda kandi irimo gushyirwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga hifashishijwe indimi ebyiri (Igiporutugali-Icyongereza na Porutugali-Icyesipanyoli), ku nkunga ya Banki ishinzwe iterambere ry’Abanyamerika (IDB) na Laboratwari ya Brasil.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hari inzitizi zubaka zibangamira ubuziranenge bwibikorwa. Nkuko umunyamategeko Leonardo Ribeiro abigaragaza, hari itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu nzego zitandukanye za guverinoma. Mugihe Igitabo gikoreshwa cyane muri São Paulo, kurwego rwa federasiyo, imiterere itandukanye, igoye cyane iracyiganje idahuza neza na moderi za leta.
Uku gutandukana kwamabwiriza kurangirira kubyara amategeko adashidikanywaho kubigo bya leta n’abigenga bifuza gushyiraho ubufatanye mubumenyi, ikoranabuhanga, no guhanga udushya. Ribeiro ashimangira ati: "Ingero nyinshi zemejwe mbere dufite, ni nziza. Ibi bizana umutekano haba ku ngengo y’imari ndetse na rwiyemezamirimo ushaka gushora imari".
Shigikira urufatiro nkumuhuza wingenzi
Kugaragaza mumishinga itandukanye yo guhanga udushya, gutera inkunga fondasiyo, nka Fundepag, gusohoza ibikorwa byingenzi mugukora ibikorwa, guha akazi abakozi, no gucunga umutungo neza kuruta ubuyobozi butaziguye.
Fassio ashimangira agira ati: "Inzego zifite urufatiro nizo nizo zubahiriza amategeko neza. Aya ni amakuru afatika, ntabwo ari igitekerezo." Ibikorwa bya fondasiyo bibemerera kuzenguruka igice cyihuta cyimikorere yubuyobozi gakondo, cyane cyane nko gutanga amasoko no gucunga imari yimishinga.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, abahagarariye abikorera ndetse n’abikorera bakeneye guhindura ibyo bategereje. Ribeiro agira ati: "Ba nyir'ubucuruzi bakeneye kumva ko iyo bagiranye amasezerano na guverinoma, bidashoboka gushyiraho amategeko y'abikorera. Hariho amategeko yihariye yemeza uburinganire no kugenzura." Kuri we, kubona inzira yo hagati, hamwe no gusobanukirwa no guhinduka kuva impande zombi, birakenewe gufungura ubufatanye.
Nubwo iterambere ari ukuri, hari inzira ndende. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byunvikana kumategeko, gukwirakwiza kwinshi mubyitegererezo nka Toolkit, no gushimangira umusingi winkunga nibyingenzi kugirango Brezili ibe ahantu heza ho guhanga udushya. Leonardo Ribeiro asoza agira ati: "Guhanga udushya byihuta. Kandi inzego za Leta akenshi usanga zidafite imiterere kugira ngo zijyane n'uyu muvuduko.
