सामूहिक खरीद क्या हैं?

团购，亦称集体采购或团体购买，是电子商务中一种商业模式，消费者通过联合采购获得商品或服务的显著折扣。该模式基于集体购买力原则，供应商以保障销售量为交换条件提供优惠价格。.

इतिहास:
团购概念并非新生事物，其根源可追溯至采购合作社等传统商业实践。然而该模式的在线版本在2000年代末随着Groupon等网站于2008年推出而兴起，此概念迅速传播，导致全球涌现大量类似网站。.

团购运作模式：

1. 报价：供应商提供商品或服务的显著折扣，通常为50%或更高.
2. 激活：仅当达到最低购买人数时报价才被激活.
3. 期限：报价通常设有时限，营造潜在买家的紧迫感.
4. 推广：团购网站通过电子邮件、社交媒体等营销渠道推广报价.
5. 交易：若在限期内达到最低购买人数，则激活报价并向买家发放电子券.

फायदे:
团购为消费者和企业双方创造价值：

消费者获益：

1. 显著折扣：能够以大幅降低的价格获取产品和服务.
2. 探索发现：接触未曾了解的新商家与体验.
3. 便捷性：通过单一平台轻松获取多样报价.

企业获益：

1. Advertising: Exposure to a large number of potential customers at a relatively low cost.
2. Sales Increase: Potential for a high volume of sales within a short period.
3. New Customers: Opportunity to attract new customers who may become regulars.

Challenges and Criticisms:
Despite its initial popularity, the group buying model has faced several challenges:

1. Market Saturation: Rapid growth led to saturation in many markets, making it difficult for companies to stand out.
2. Service Quality: Some businesses, overwhelmed by the volume of customers from the deals, were unable to maintain service quality.
3. Reduced Profit Margins: The heavy discounts can lead to very low or even negative profit margins for participating companies.
4. Customer Loyalty: Many consumers were attracted only by the discounts and did not become regular customers.
5. Consumer Fatigue: Over time, many consumers became overwhelmed by the volume of offers in their emails.

Evolution and Current Trends:
The group buying model has evolved significantly since its peak in the early 2010s:

1. Niche Focus: Many group buying platforms now concentrate on specific sectors, such as travel or gastronomy.
2. Integration with Other Models: Some companies have integrated elements of group buying into their existing business models, such as marketplaces and cashback websites.
3. Personalization: Use of data and artificial intelligence to offer more relevant deals to consumers.
4. Corporate Group Buying: Some companies are using the model to obtain discounts on large-scale purchases for their employees.
5. Flash Sales: Short-duration offers with significant discounts, inspired by the group buying model.

Legal and Ethical Considerations:
Group buying has also raised legal and ethical questions, including:

1. Misleading Advertising: Concerns about the truthfulness of the advertised discounts.
2. Consumer Protection: Issues regarding refunds and warranties for products and services purchased through group buying.
3. Pressure on Small Businesses: Criticism that the model may excessively pressure small businesses to offer unsustainable discounts.

निष्कर्ष:
As compras coletivas representaram uma inovação significativa no comércio eletrônico, oferecendo uma nova forma de conectar consumidores e empresas. Embora o modelo tenha enfrentado desafios e evoluído ao longo do tempo, os princípios fundamentais de poder de compra coletivo e descontos por volume continuam relevantes no cenário do ई-कॉमर्स atual. À medida que o comércio eletrônico continua a evoluir, é provável que vejamos novas iterações e adaptações do conceito de compras coletivas, sempre buscando oferecer valor tanto para consumidores quanto para empresas.