In the current geopolitical landscape, cyberwarfare has become a central component of conflicts and disputes between nations.States are employing offensive cyber operations for espionage, sabotage and political influence on a global scale.
Attacks coordinated by governments (often through advanced groups known as APTs (persistent advanced threats) ' EVOLved in sophistication and reach. This context of global cyber threats directly affects the digital security of Brazil, exposing strategic sectors to significant risks and requiring responses at the technical level of adversaries.
Cyberwar evolution on the global stage
Over the past two decades, cyberwarfare has gone from an isolated phenomenon to a global pandemic.At this turn, there was an important milestone: the 2017 NotPetya attack, a malware with a destructive power unprecedented at the time, and which ushered in a new era of cyberwarfare.
Since then, traditional conflicts have had a strong digital component: for example, the Russian campaign in Ukraine included a series of cyber attacks against power grids, communications and government agencies, while hacktivist and criminal groups aligned themselves with state interests.
The main state agents of global cyberwar include powers such as China, Russia, the United States, Iran and North Korea, among others. Each employs specific strategies: cyber espionage for theft of industrial and government secrets, sabotage against critical enemy infrastructures, and influence attacks (such as invasions followed by leaking sensitive data to interfere with political processes). A worrying feature is the growing collaboration (or tolerance) between States and criminal groups.
Examples include ransomware gangs based in countries that do not repress them, using financial extortion to cause strategic damage.In 2021, the US Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack (attributed to a Russian-speaking group) exposed the lack of preparedness of infrastructure companies in the face of threats of this type. These attacks on critical infrastructure give attackers notoriety and often financial returns, which makes them increasingly frequent and sophisticated.
China's growing influence
China has emerged as one of the most influential and active cyber powers. Recent reports indicate an aggressive expansion of Chinese digital espionage operations worldwide.In 2024, there was an average increase of 150% in intrusions conducted by hackers linked to China, reaching organizations in virtually every sector of the economy . Only in 2024 were identified seven new Chinese cyberespionage groups, many specialized in specific sectors or technologies .
Cyber campaigns carried out by Chinese hackers have global reach and do not spare Latin America.Research shows that in 2023, most cyber attacks in Latin America originated from agents linked to China and Russia .
This coordinated effort reflects not only geopolitical objectives (such as monitoring diplomatic positions or foreign investments), but also economic interests.Brazil, for example, is today the largest destination for Chinese investments in Latin America, especially in energy, telecommunications and mining . Coincidentally (or not), cyberespionage originating in China against Brazilian targets has grown similarly to that observed in other regions of high Chinese investment, such as countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative group that brings together countries from Asia, Europe, Africa, and Latin America.
Impact of global threats in Brazil: strategic sectors under attack
Several Brazilian strategic sectors are already undergoing intrusion attempts by foreign malicious actors, whether groups supported by nations or sophisticated criminal organizations. The main vectors include targeted phishing campaigns, advanced malware inserted into critical networks and exploitation of vulnerabilities in widely used systems
Several critical infrastructure facilities in Brazil such as electricity, oil and gas, telecommunications, water and transport networks IO have become frequent targets in cyberwar, given the potential to cause large-scale damage if compromised. In February 2021, two of the largest companies in the Brazilian electricity sector suffered ransomware attacks that forced them to suspend part of their operations temporarily .
North Korean groups have been showing great interest in Brazilian targets of cryptocurrencies, financial institutions and even defense sectors. These criminals seek to steal digital assets to finance North Korean government programs, circumventing sanctions.This is a form of economically motivated cyberwar.In addition, international cybercriminals (often linked to Eastern European networks) see Brazilian banks and their millions of customers as profitable targets.Bank malware campaigns, phishing networks and card theft hit Brazil on an industrial scale. Not by chance, a recent report indicated that Brazil is the second most attacked country in the world in 7 million financial crimes 1 months.
Government & public institutions
Brazilian government institutions, including federal agencies, the Armed Forces, the Judiciary and state governments, became priority targets in cyberwarfare, attracting espionage and sabotage attacks from several countries. Groups associated with China, Russia and North Korea directed operations against Brazil in recent years .
The motivation ranges from interest in diplomatic and trade secrets to gaining strategic advantage in international negotiations. A Google report in 2023 revealed that since 2020, more than a dozen foreign cyberespionage groups have targeted users in Brazil 85% of phishing activities attributed to governments originated from groups in China, North Korea and Russia .
This intense activity reflects Brazil's position as a regional leader and influential actor on the global stage, making it an attractive target for opponents in search of privileged information .
How Brazil has mitigated the risks of cyberwarfare
In the face of the escalation of global cyber threats, Brazil has been adopting and should continue to improve several measures to mitigate risks and strengthen your cybersecurity. The lessons learned from the incidents and the recommendations of experts converge on some key points, such as the strengthening of government cyber defense structures 2021 Brazil approved the National Cyber Security Strategy (E-Ciber), which emphasizes the need to strengthen national protection capabilities, improve international cooperation and encourage the development of national technologies.
But there is still a lot to be done. The country needs to implement additional layers of defense in the energy, telecommunications, financial, transportation, sanitation and other essential services sectors.This includes adopting international security standards (for example, ISO 27001 standards, NIST framework) and requiring infrastructure operators to comply with minimum cybersecurity requirements.It is also necessary to reduce the attack surface of these organizations, increase their resilience and establish robust protocols for prevention, monitoring and response to incidents .
In particular, the security of the backbone of the Internet in Brazil should be improved by protecting data centers, large servers, traffic exchange points and other assets that support various critical sectors .
In the field of private companies, there is greater maturity depending on the segment.The financial, for example, has one of the most advanced ecosystems in cybersecurity in Brazil, driven by strict regulations of the Central Bank, continuous investments in anti-fraud technology and the need to protect high-value transactions against increasingly sophisticated threats.
In conclusion, global cyberwarfare imposes complex challenges on Brazil, but manageable with adequate planning and investments. The country has already shown progress IS considered the most mature posture in cybersecurity in Latin America IS BUT the pace of the threat requires constant improvement.
In the invisible theater of cyberspace, where attacks occur in microseconds, preparing in advance is critical. Strengthening Brazilian cyber resilience will not only mitigate the risks of cyberwar, but will also ensure that Brazil can safely seize the opportunities of global digital transformation, without having its sovereignty or strategic assets hostage to hidden adversaries.In short, cybersecurity is national security, and should be a priority in times of peace and conflict, today and forever.